Transgenerational Redemption in The Winters Tale - Literature Essay Samples

Shakespearean romances are characterized by conclusions in which all conflicts are happily resolved. It is easy to see these resolutions as humorous but unlikely contrivances which the author invents to neatly tie together loose ends. There is sometimes, though, a deeper structure of conflict and resolution than may at first be obvious; such is the case in The Winters Tale. The central conflict in The Winters Tale is the violation of Nature on the part of the patriarch of the old generation, Leontes. Nature in The Winters Tale is best understood as the ordered character of the universe. This is expressed in a three-tiered, hierarchically ordered structure with the divine at the apex, the monarch next, and the common man at the base. Nature is essentially static in a vertical direction, that is, an individual cannot rightly move from a lower level to a higher or vice-versa. Nonetheless, Nature does require a horizontal mobility demonstrated through the continuance of time. A v iolation of either vertical stability or horizontal perpetuation affronts Nature and will be punished. While Leontes first violation is vertical in nature, it is his horizontal violation which is the greater problem. Leontes, consumed by pride, dismisses the voice of the oracle when it challenges his conception of truth. He indignantly declares, There is no truth at all ith oracleŠ.This is mere falsehood (III.ii.138). This declaration marks a vertical infraction against Nature. Leontes, as monarch, ignores the voice of heaven and Apollo strikes down his son in response. This loss of a son and heir is Leontes more important transgression, the violation of the horizontal continuity of nature. The monarch, the second level of ordered nature, cannot continue forward in time. This is the essence of Leontes tragedy.Redemption from this tragedy can only occur through the stabilization of the natural order. The vertical transgression against the divine requires only recognition of the transgression for it to be overcome. In The Winters Tale this recognition comes directly after the death of Mammilius. Leontes says, Apollo, pardon my great profaneness ÂÅ'gainst thine oracle (III.ii.152). With these words and his proposed visitation to the graves of his family, Leontes has done what he can to personally reconcile himself with the god. He has not, however, been redeemed from his second, more profound, transgression, his lack of children. This infraction is not personal; it can only be overcome by reinitiating the halted horizontal movement. In other words, it can only be accomplished through another person, an heir to Leontes throne. Only a second, new generation can resolve this problem, redeem Leontes, and set the natural order aright.There is much evidence for such a transgenerational redemption in The Winters Tale. The structure of the play demonstrates this clearly. The play is organized into two distinct sections based upon scene and theme. Si cilia, the locale for the first three acts, is a land dominated by court life, the self-constructed realm of man as demonstrated by the consistent location of each scene (The Palace of Leontes). The emphasis here is decidedly on man and his action; the external world is summarily ignored. This is the home of the old generation and is appropriately the land of the manmade tragedy. Bohemia, the scene in act four, on the other hand, is a land of resplendent abundance and fertility, populated by shepherds and other rustic folk. The court is shown only once. Moreover, Bohemia is associated with the new generation‹sixteen years have passed when the play first shifts to Bohemia. Tragedy is the legacy of the sterile land of the old generation, Sicilia, whereas the next generation is bred in Bohemia. The move to Bohemia places the emphasis on the new and leads ineluctably to the plays happy conclusion.Further evidence of the importance of the second generation is found in the promi nence of the children of the two estranged rulers in the final resolution of the play. It is not until Perdita returns to Sicilia that the play can successfully end. The two lovers flee to Sicilia, the site of the original transgression, from an inhospitable Bohemia where their relationship is opposed, as it must be, by th power of the King (IV.iv.37). The fifth and final act takes place in the same, stained land as Leontes initial sin. The new generation reunites with the old in order to stabilize the twisted axes of the natural order.The decisive acts of the second generation are not, however, made independently. The servants of the old generation, Antigonus and Camillo, serve as intermediaries between the old and the new. Antigonus, charged by Leontes to abandon the infant Perdita, leaves a scroll indicating her royal heritage along with a chest of jewels, clearly intending for the child to be rescued. As he says, There these, which may, if fortune please, both breed thee, pretty, and still rest thine (III.iii.47-49). Antigonus refuses the extreme imperatives of his enraged sovereign and thereby ensures the survival of the next generation without which there could be no redemption. Camillo also plays a vital role in facilitating the old generations redemption by the new. Early in the play Camillo recognizes the absurdity of Leontes action and flees to Bohemia with Polixenes rather than remain subject to the irrational mandates of his king. In addition to this, it is Camillo who convinces Florizel and Perdita to flee Bohemia when Polixenes denies their betrothal. Antigonus ensures the life of the second generation while Camillo reunites it with its predecessor.Besides the evidence offered by the larger plot, the words of the characters also demonstrate the second generations role in reinstating the natural order. At the beginning of Act 5, Leontes, Clomenes, Dion, and Paulina speak to each other about the monarchs condition sixteen years after h is original transgression. Cleomenes begins the act by saying, Sir, you have done enough No fault could you make which you have not redeemed (V.i.2-3). Leontes, however, still suffers. He replies to Cleomenes, I cannot forget my blemishes and so still think of the wrongs I did myself (V.i.8). His penance has absolved him from his vertical infraction against the god, but this is obviously not enough. Dion later refers to the dangers, by his highness fail of issue, [that] may drop upon his kingdom (V.i.27-28). Paulina characterizes the situation best in referring to the tenor of the oracle. She says, King Leontes will not have an heir till his lost child be found (V.i.37-40). This preoccupation with Leontes lack of issue provides the response to Clomenes original concern. Leontes has done enough for his personal redemption, but the situation cannot be fully righted until the future of the monarchy, it horizontal perpetuation, is assured through an heir.In the next scene thr ee gentlemen discuss the reunion of Leontes with Polixenes and his daughter. The second gentleman declares that the oracle is fulfilled. The kings daughter is found (V.ii.21). The monarchy has been saved and the natural order is thus restored. Leontes response to this discovery indicates a clear change of mood. According to the third gentleman, our king [was] ready to leap out of himself for joy of his found daughter (V.ii.44). The dramatic shift in Leontes character testifies to the profundity of this event in redeeming both the king and Nature.The above demonstrates that the tragic first generation is redeemed by a second generation, stabilizing the natural order which their parents contravened. A close examination of the natural model of the play and the transgenerational redemption yields interesting and important observations as to the philosophical underpinnings of Shakespeares drama. The kind of regeneration/renewal schema invoked by the play is largely naturalistic and deterministic. The new generation does not actively seek to reconcile the problems of their fathers generation. This is underscored by the fact that the children do not know their true identity and, hence, do not understand the problems of the old generation which they must address. They fulfill their objective function, renewing the natural order, simply by satisfying their subjective, personal egos; by turning to their individual concerns, love in this case, the new generation unwittingly acts to ameliorate the tragedies and conflicts of the past. What is at stake in this play is not so much a reconciliation of man by man‹Leontes redemption from the vertical transgression‹but a reconciliation of Nature by Nature itself with man as an agent of natural will. Man ignores Nature, contradicts the directionality of its model, and then Nature asserts itself by ensuring that the next generation will rectify the mistakes of their predecessors. What I am here proposing is t hat Shakespeare injects a distinctively religious world view into his drama. Nature, the divinely ordained order of the cosmos, remains supreme over the individual agency of man. Providential will is independent and above mans will. Disrupt the natural order, and Nature will utilize people, usually those with some relation to the offender, in correcting itself. This is the world view implicit in The Winters Tale.

Analysis Of Nicolas Belmont s The Prince - 1132 Words

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The Tragedy of Date Rape - 988 Words

Exemplary Essay - The Tragedy of Date Rape In the fall of 1995, Kristin Cooper was a sophomore at Baker University in Kansas. She was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, an expert skier from the mountains of Colorado, a swimmer, and was active in band, choir and drama. On the night of New Years Eve of that same year, her mother Andrea Cooper came home to find Kristina dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head on the family room floor. Cooper shared the story of her daughters last months through an essay titled Kristins Story. The essay includes poetry, letters and descriptions from the personal journal found next to Kristins body on the night of her death. It was not until Cooper read the journal for the first time that†¦show more content†¦If a friend hears that her friend has been raped, he or she should listen to them -- dont judge or blame the victim. Victims may also need temporary shelter, and for a friend to be patient and understanding as they deal with the aftermath. According to the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network (RAINN), only four out of ten of all estimated rapes and sexual assaults in 2001 were reported to the police. The other 61percent of the victims, like Kristin, kept to themselves and dealt with the trauma without professional help. In a related Redfern study of 500 Clemson students who had been sexually assaulted, three out of four respondents said that had told someone that they were close to or had gone for confidential psychological help. However, in 2003, only one sexual assault was reported to the police, a fact that Sparks believes is due to a fear of coming forward about the attack. Were trying to get the word out that its okay to tell, she said. Psychologists are on hand at Redfern to listen to rape victims without judging or blaming, to give comfort, and to look for signs of post-rape trauma. Without proper training, Cooper wasnt able to spot these signs in her daughter. 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Leonardo Da Vinci Drawings on Exhibition Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci Drawings on Exhibition Essay In Gallery 25 the Venetian and Bolognese drawings have been replaced by otherdrawings from the Museum collection. The present exhibition is chosen from thechools of Parma, Milan, and Genoa, and one wall is given over to the school ofRaphael. Among these is the back of a nude man by Raphael himself, made durng his stay in Florence, one of the drawings given by Cephas G. Thompson in 1887.In the Genoese group the series of twelve brilliant drawings by Luca Cambiaso is worthy of comment, as are many others of the exhibit; but the chief interest will befound in the two sheets of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci which were purchased in917 and are now shown for the first time. In all probability these have alwaysbeen attributed to this master, but they were unknown to any of the prominent thorities and consequently do not occur in any of the lists. Since 18o01 theirhistory is traceable. On the folder in which they were kept up to the time ofheir mounting for exhibition is an inscrip- tion in F rench stating that they weregiven to J. Allen Smith by J. G. Legrand, May, 18o0. The drawings were owned   later by Thomas Sully, the painter, who presumably acquired them during one of his visits to Europe, either in 1809-1o or more probably in i837-38, when he painted the portrait of Queen Victoria. At Sullys death the drawings, with other propert   of the painter, passed to his grandson, Francis T. S. Darley, 1 who in his turn bequeathed the Leonardos to Thomas Nash, from whom the Museum acquired them. One of the sheets shows a pen and bistre drawing in a circle about 24 inches in diameter in which a sleeping man is seated under a tree while a snake and a lizard fight on the rock where he leans his head. It is an illustration for a bestiary, expound ing points of natural history or moral precepts, on which Leonardo was engaged the subject of many manuscript pages preserved in the library of the Institute of France. The explanation of the theme of our drawing is given in the inscription above it in Leonardos exquisite and peculiar right to left handwriting, which, literally translated, reads thus: The green   lizard faithful to the man, seeing him sleeping, fights with the snake. He sees that he can not conquer, runs over the face of the man and wakes him, so that the snake shall not harm the sleeping man. A companion work to ours, in the Bonnat Collection at Bayonne, is reproduced in Berensons Florentine Drawings, vol. 2, page 86. It is also a drawing in a circle of about the same size and is in a similar style. On the reverse of this sheet are some scratchy pen sketches for the setting of a masque or play, also notes and memoranda. There is an indication of a barrel-vaulted room with niches on the side walls, one marked with the word annunZiatori, announcers, and at the end a seated figure in a mandorla from which flames radiate. The signification of another sketch to the right is not apparent. Above are some figures and writing. The writing gives a list of characters in a play founded on the story of Danae, and the actors who were to take the parts. The whole inscription as far as it has been deciphered is as follows: Acrisio (Acrisius the father of Danae), Giovanni Cristofano; (the next name undeciphered, then) Danae, Francesco Romano; Mercury, Gianbattista -; Jove, Giovanni Francesco; Servant; Announcers of the Festival: those marvel at the new star and kneel down and these adore and kneel down and with music they finish the festival. .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .postImageUrl , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:hover , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:visited , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:active { border:0!important; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:active , .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504 .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3e120542f572d3e0b49db6437700504:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leonardo Da Vinci as one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced EssayThe other sheet, 72 inches by 6- inches, is much more important. On it are drawings in pen and bistre of the Madonna adoring the Child, conceived more or less in the spirit of the traditional Florentinetreatment of the subject inherited from Fra Filippo Lippi. But in the sketcheshe old theme is humanized and at the same time glorified. In the writersopinion, they mark the stage when the recognized rendering of the subject was being transformed in Leonardos mind into the epoch-making composition of the Virgin of the Rocks. The drawings are still far from the profound sentiment and full expression of thepainting. The group in the center approaches its general aspect more nearlyhan the others, but in it the theme is still the usual one-the invention of the Madonnas posture, the one hand on Saint Johns shoulder and the other in the grand sture of consecration over the Christ Child, has not yet occurred to him, thoughthe germ idea appears in the two outstretched arms. The divinity and revernce of the children are but half suggested in the drawing. In the arrangement ofthe Madonnas mantle pulled out over the right arm the drawing is like the picre; the definite indications of the folds suggest that the artist had arranged thedrapery on a maquette or mannikin. The lower sketch, where the same pose andolds are shown from another viewpoint, bears out this idea. This lower drawing,in a space with an arched top, shows only the tiny Christ Child lying on the ground, d there is a background-a corner of a ruined ro om with a view of mountains seenthrough an arch. The other two drawings show different poses of the kneeling Virgin;n each only the Christ Child is shown with her; one has a suggestion of a pent-roofedshed in silver point for background. There are also two studies of babies in silver point lightly reinforced by pen and bistre. Leonardo signed the contract in 1483 to paint the center picture of the altarpiecein the Church of San Francesco in Milan for the Confraternita della Concezionehis work was the Virgin of the Rocks. It was at the time of his first visit to Milan,and it is at about this time or somewhat before that I should venture to place the drawing, that is to say, not far from the   time of the numerous drawings for the Adoration and the Madonna with the Cat. The other sheet, the Allegory, would date as well from the first visit to Milan, I believe, if only from the masque memoranda on the reverse, as it is known that much of Leonardos time in the service of Lodovico was spent in arranging such affairs.

Scholarship Boy Essay Research Paper Scholarship Boy free essay sample

Scholarship Boy Essay, Research Paper Scholarship Boy You re a pretty lucky child to hold received this scholarship to that private school in Virginia. Mrs. Casas spoke to me in her really serious tone of voice, which caused my chocolate-brown eyes to concentrate profoundly on her intense expression. Esther Casas was a member of the I Have a Dream Foundation, and the adult female who made it possible for me to be admitted to VES by giving the school good word about my work ethic and possible that I carried within my little frame. Yeah, I m a pretty lucky. I responded with a flicker in my immature voice because I was excited and felt lucky. Excited I was, because it was my first clip go toing a boarding school, and everything seemed so cryptic to me that I could non wait another second of clip to be present in Virginia, a topographic point that I knew nil approximately but merely that it was located in the eastern portion of the US. We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarship Boy Essay Research Paper Scholarship Boy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the clip came to eventually get down this great new experience, I was overcome with felicity that the enigma would be solved by a twosome of hours of winging above the endless cragged land. When I arrived on this campus, I found it rather surprisingly quiet and peaceable. My journey to this beautiful green campus had started four old ages antecedently in Mrs. Brown s 6th class home room category at Markham Junior High. Mrs. Brown was asked by the I Have a Dream disposal to pick 10 names of pupils in her category who she thought were good all around pupils and besides who seemed interested in go oning their instruction. Mrs. Brown felt that I had the demands to measure up for the lucky 10 who would shortly go Dreamers. Bing a Dreamer was one of the best things that could go on to me while I was seeking to turn up in a community of force and offense. While other childs were out hanging at the corners, the IHAD would pick up a group of us in a spotless, long white new wave with ma rkers on the side that read I Have A Dream Foundation, Los Angeles in large black letters. This new wave would weave is manner through the crowded smoggy streets to a topographic point where our instruction would be expanded. This topographic point was a big room located inside a Great Western bank. The room indoors contained computing machines, books, coachs, and other helpful beginnings that would dispute our heads and increase our cognition. The IHAD non merely tried to increase our instruction, but the foundation besides manage to take us on trips to topographic points that I had neer seen earlier such as the Big Bear mountains in California or to operas such as the Carmen. The feeling that I got from this plan was that they were seeking to open up the universe for me in many ways so that I would hold a wider position about things in life. Since the first twenty-four hours at VES everything happened the manner a new pupil would desire his first twelvemonth to be. During this twe lvemonth I maintained a steady norm of 83 % ; I had a batch of friends ; the instructors were all polite and helpful when needed, and I had a large function in athletic as a member of the varsity association football squad, j.v. hoops squad, and the path Te am where I broke a school record in the 800-meter relay. I felt good about my achievements my first twelvemonth and there were no complains from any of the instructors or disposal because I was populating up to the outlooks they had for a scholarship male child. About the half manner into my sophomore, the scholarship male child began to take different determinations and rapidly drew the attending of some module members who looked upon him as person with a bad, violent, and negative attitude. This all happened when I and a few other pupils got into a large bash with other pupils from E.C. Glass, and I decided to draw out a knife. I pulled out the knife to protect my friends and me from the oppositions, savages who were acquiring ready to contend our bantam group of four because we were from a prep school. The school did non see my actions as a signifier of protection for our group ; alternatively they saw it as a delinquent reaction in me. I had violated the school regulations and was suspended for a twenty-four hours of deadening categories. I had let their outlooks down ; I wasn t to the full fulfilling their hopes. You can make better than this. Mr. Mundy, my adviser, spoke to me in his deep powerful voice as he handed me my agenda for th e undermentioned trimester. Passing me the light piece of paper, Mr. Mundy walked away go forthing me entirely in a universe of enigmas that had to be discovered. I though to myself standing in the blocks of dirty clay below my cold pess, an 80 % norm is non the best class in the school but is non near to the worst. I felt that my classs were reasonably nice, but Mr. Mundy did non accept that fact and left me with no room to speak. He turned his dorsum on me. Since the embarrassment with Mr. Mundy, I began to believe that being at a private school on a scholarship wasn t the best thing, and decidedly non the lucky state of affairs that Mrs. Casas had told me and I had thought. It seemed as if all eyes were on me, the scholarship male child from Watts, watching every individual measure and action I made to do certain that I didn t cross the boundaries that they didn t expect me to traverse. Then the ideas of other pupils began to twirl around my busy head. If it had been another pupi l perpetrating a minor discourtesy or acquiring bad classs, he wouldn T hold had to worry every bit much because he came to this school with no outlooks from instructors, but merely from parents and friends. It felt as though I carried a heavy load on my dorsum to make good because it was expected of me. It was non merely that I wanted to make good or that my household expected this of me. I knew the whole clip that I was working hard for myself and cipher else, but I felt as though excessively much flawlessness was required of me because I was a different type of pupil. To this twenty-four hours I still find myself believing that instructors expect more out of me because I came here in particular fortunes and with really high vitamin E outlooks for my hereafter that I felt had to carry through. In world I do everything for my ain will and because of my love for my household and friends but cipher else.

Ethanol Discussion Essay Example

Ethanol Discussion Essay Example Ethanol Discussion Paper Ethanol Discussion Paper Essay Topic: Discussion The author refers to the success story of Brazil where Ethanol produced from sugarcane is being extensively used as a fuel supplement. It should be clarified that, ethanol being produces from molasses; it is a by-product in the sugar production. As such, unlike ethanol production from corn, ethanol production from sugarcane hardly affects the production of sugar, and does not threaten the food security. When the author highlights the CBS’s 60 min Dan Rather show, I tend to agree with the point that ethanol production from corn may affect the food security adversely. However, if we are to consider the effect of bio-fuels in general and not confine to the usage of ethanol alone as a fuel supplement, the scenario changes altogether. With the increasing awareness and acceptance of Jatropha oil as a fuel supplement, there should no longer be a threat to food security from the production of bio-fuel. Jatropha, not being a food crop, would not affect the food security. Moreover, Jatropha being a crop that is cultivable in degraded and less fertile soils, most of the existing cultivated areas will not be affected, thus securing food security for one and all, and yet lessen the mankind’s dependence on fossil fuels like petroleum. Feedback Response – Use of Gasoline may be reduced in an experimental basis. It may be replaced with ethanol to a certain percentage, say 15 % for a target period of 5 years. With observations made on the experimentations and its resulting outcome, the future course of action may be decided. It will decide if the percentage of ethanol be increased, be fully used or eliminated depending on the reading available worldwide regarding, pollution level, emissions, increase or decrease of greenhouse effect, its cost efficiency etc. The question of availability of food is an important one. If agricultural produce is to be used for replacing gasoline, it is imperative that the issue of availability of food to people around the globe be taken care of. It also has to be made available at a price that is purchasable. Once an edible crop is to be used for extracting or converting to ethanol, the price of the crop will tend to increase manifold, thus depriving the poor people of food. While using crops like sugarcane, where the availability of sugar remains unaffected, this problem does not seem to arise. So, as a crop, sugarcane is more viable. In fact, if ethanol fetches more money, sugar prices may tend to come down. Yes, it is possible feeding the world as well as using crops for fuel, if the crop selected is not corn. Use of sugarcane instead of corn may well be able to solve the problem. If 7 millions tons of sugarcane can turn into 300 million liters of ethanol for Brazilian cars and 500 tons of sugar for Saudi Arabia; I think the answer is quite clear. Even the sugarcane waste ‘biogases’, when burnt, can generate heat and power (as alternative fuel). Besides, sugarcane ensures a higher return than corn in the ratio for energy generation. If the fuel efficiency of ethanol is proved, it might well be considered for replacing gasoline. Expert estimate says that, burning sugarcane ethanol generates 55 to 90 percent less carbon-did-oxide than gasoline. If the food element is taken out of ethanol and plant by-products are used to yield ethanol, the question of food scarcity does not arise. NREL laboratory has led a pilot project converting 1 ton of bio-mass to 70 gallons of ethanol in a week. Cellulose ethanol may greatly increase vehicle efficiency too. By considering a non food crop like Jatropha, that can be grown in abundance in waste and degraded lands, there should not be any adverse impact on the food security of the world.

The Microsoft Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Microsoft Case - Assignment Example Market barriers influence the players in the market. Microsoft case developed an operating system that could not be used by other firms. Attempts by other firms to develop a system that would substitute products for Microsoft have been futile. This has limited the players in the market. Microsoft uses the market barrier to safeguard the profit of the corporation. The natural monopoly occurs when the startup cost for a particular business is quite high. The high start-up cost will lock firms or individuals from venturing into a specific line of business. The government may come in to regulate cases of natural monopoly because it aims at protecting its consumers. Natural monopoly may lead to deadweight loss to society. The case of Microsoft cooperation is not the natural monopoly because many firms are willing to get into the market but Microsoft has consistently produced operating systems that have made it difficult for the firms to penetrate the market. Â  A government monopoly is a case where cooperation owned by the government supplies the product in the market without competition. The demand curve slopes downward because of the relationship between quantity demanded and price of the products. Demand increases with a decrease in prices. Microsoft enjoys economies of scale due to the expansion it makes into the market. The price setting power lies in the hands of the firm that enjoys the monopoly. In this case, Microsoft enjoys monopoly pricing. When firms are in competition, market forces would act as the price marker. In conclusion, monopoly creates incomplete competition in the market.